Topics in Mental Health: Physical Abuse and African American Oppression [milwaukeecourieronline.com]
By Joel Edouard, Milwaukee Courier, May 15, 2020 Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are defined as multiple risks factors such as child abuse, neglect, parental substance abuse and maternal depression experienced prior to an individual turning eighteen years old. The trauma of physical abuse is one ACE which commonly leads to substance abuse. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), childhood physical abuse is defined as “any non-accidental physical injury to the...