Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) encompasses a wide range of possible traumatic events or conditions that children may face during their earliest stages of life. These experiences, including abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and community violence, can have profound and lasting impacts on a child's development, social relationships, and emotional well-being. Furthermore, there are additional conditions more recently recognized, such as forced migration and war, climate change, discrimination, and unstable housing-right here in the state of New Jersey. This article aims to provide an understanding of the outcomes associated with ACEs, as well as highlight the efforts in New Jersey to prevent and mitigate their impact on families.
The Impact ACEs have on Development
The developmental consequences of early traumatic experiences in the absence of a supportive and loving caregiver are far-reaching and can significantly disrupt a child's growth and potential. Exposure to chronic stress during critical periods of brain development can impair the formation of neural connections (called synapses) and the growth of fundamental brain regions, such as the hippocampus that is responsible for learning and memory (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2012). Consequently, children who experience ACEs may exhibit delays in cognitive development, language acquisition, and executive functioning skills (Hughes et al., 2017).
Let’s consider a child who grows up in a household with substance abuse issues and parental neglect. There is instability and lack of consistent care, where the child’s basic needs are not met. Emotional connection and secure attachments have been breached. This can lead to disrupted brain development, affecting the child's ability to focus, concentrate, and learn effectively. As a result, they may struggle academically, have difficulties with impulse control, and exhibit poor decision-making skills. These developmental challenges can have long-term implications for educational attainment and future opportunities and may change how society views and responds to them at a very early age (Felitti et al., 1998). Knowledge of ACEs and a communal body of support can recognize that behaviors are communication and that children do well when they are able to meet the level of expectation that a society/parent/classroom has. Often, they are not able to meet that expectation due to processes outlined above and a trauma-informed return to the child that is responsive to their needs may have profound results.
Social Impact of ACEs
ACEs have profound implications for a child's social relationships and their ability to form secure attachments with others, as previously mentioned. Children who have experienced trauma, including community violence, may exhibit difficulties with trust, responding appropriately to peers, and developing healthy relationships (Teicher et al., 2016). These challenges can persist into adulthood, affecting the individual's ability to establish and maintain intimate relationships.
If a child grows up in a neighborhood that is violent and unpredictable, has limited resources and safe spaces, and schools are a source of angst and worry, they may become hypervigilant and have disorganized thinking. This can lead to social withdrawal, mistrust, and difficulties in forming positive relationships. These children may struggle with communication, empathy, and conflict resolution skills, which can hinder their ability to establish healthy connections with others. The lack of supportive social networks can contribute to feelings of isolation and hopelessness (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2012).
Emotional Impact of ACEs
The emotional consequences of ACEs can be profound and long-lasting. Felitti discusses exposure and multiple risk factors in the absence of healthy copying mechanisms. Children exposed to trauma during their early years are at a higher risk of developing emotional and behavioral difficulties, including anxiety, depression, aggression, and emotional dysregulation (Felitti et al., 1998). These challenges can persist into adolescence and adulthood, contributing to mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mood disorders, and substance abuse.
For example, a child growing up in an environment marked by domestic violence may experience intense fear, helplessness, and anxiety. The very person that they love and turn to for basic sustenance, cannot protect them, and there is no safe place. There may be feelings of guilt, anger, and fear, yet the expression of any of these may result in more harm. The emotional dysregulation resulting from the trauma of domestic violence and other ACEs can make it challenging for the child to manage stress, regulate emotions, and develop healthy coping mechanisms (Teicher et al., 2016).
Mitigating the Impact of ACEs
Addressing ACEs and mitigating their impact requires a comprehensive approach that involves both individual and systemic interventions. Protective factors and natural supports play a crucial role in promoting resilience and positive outcomes for children who have experienced ACEs. Nurturing relationships with caring adults, such as parents, caregivers, early child care providers, faith communities and can provide a secure base from which children can heal and grow (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2012).
It is crucial to address community-level factors such as substance abuse programs, violence prevention programs, and accessible mental health services. Community-wide efforts that focus on promoting safety, fostering positive relationships, and addressing the root causes of violence can create an environment that supports the well-being of children and families affected by ACEs.
Efforts in New Jersey
New Jersey has been proactive in addressing ACEs and supporting families affected by trauma. The state has implemented the New Jersey ACEs Action Plan, an initiative led by the New Jersey Department of Children and Families (DCF). The plan focuses on prevention, early intervention, and treatment to reduce the impact of ACEs on children's development.
Furthermore, the Office of Resilience, established within DCF, coordinates efforts to promote trauma-informed care, build resilience, and provide support to all communities impacted by ACEs. The Office of Resilience is working collaboratively with community organizations to build a cohesive network across counties to connect children and families with supportive programs that aim to build and sustain a network of support beyond state services. Three organizations were selected to lead the ACEs Regional Collaborative microgrant program to support local stakeholders in programming that includes and engages the members they serve.
Norwescap, a non-profit organization that was selected as the New Jersey Central Region Hub for the microgrant program, offers a range of services and resources to support families affected by ACEs. Their programs include early childhood education, parent education and support, and access to affordable housing and nutritious food. These services aim to strengthen families and provide the necessary support to mitigate the impact of ACEs. Laura Mickley, Senior Program Director of Child and Family Resource Services (CFRS) at Norwescap states, “As a society, we all have both an obligation and investment in ensuring children and families are supported. Children whose families have access to basic human necessities like housing, food, education, health care, and safe communities have the best opportunity to reach their potential. In this model, we express our humanity while also paving a road that leads to a safer, more elevated society.” To learn more about the ACES Collaboratives and microgrant projects, see https://www.pacesconnection.co...ne-project-at-a-time
Conclusion
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have comprehensive consequences on a child's development, social relationships, and emotional well-being. Understanding the multi-faceted impact of ACEs is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems. In New Jersey, efforts such as the ACEs Action Plan, the Office of Resilience, and the services provided by organizations like Norwescap are integral in preventing and mitigating the impact of ACEs on families. By recognizing the developmental, social, and emotional outcomes associated with ACEs and implementing supportive interventions at individual and community levels, we can promote healing, resilience, and positive outcomes for children and families affected by ACEs.
References
Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2012). The Impact of Early Adversity on Children's Development. Retrieved from https://developingchild.harvar...ildrens-development/
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. https://www.ajpmonline.org/act...-3797%2898%2900017-8
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356-e366. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs...-2667(17)30118-4.pdf
New Jersey Department of Children and Families. (n.d.). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Action Plan. Retrieved from https://www.nj.gov/dcf/ACES.html
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Polcari, A., & McGreenery, C. E. (2016). Sticks, stones, and hurtful words: Relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(9), 881-889. Retrieved from https://ajp.psychiatryonline.o...6/ajp.2006.163.6.993
Comments (0)